The establishment of Jiangsu as a province dates back to the sixth year under the reign of Emperor Kangxi (AD 1667) of the Qing Dynasty. Jiangsu, whose name was derived from the initial Chinese characters of Jiangning and Suzhou prefectures in ancient times, is usually abbreviated as Su.

According to the chapter The Tribute to Yu in the Book of Documents (one of the five ancient Confucian classics), the territory of present-day Jiangsu belonged to Xuzhou and Yangzhou among the nine administrative divisions of China in ancient times. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the regions of the province were parts of the states of Qi, Lu, Song, Wu and Chu. They then belonged to the states of Yue and Chu during the Warring States Period (770-221 BC). The Qin Dynasty adopted the system of prefectures and counties. Within Jiangsu, the part to the south of the Yangtze River belonged to Kuaiji Prefecture, while the northern part belonged to Donghai Prefecture and Sishui Prefecture.

In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC - AD 8), prefectures and fiefdoms coexisted. The whole province belonged to the fiefdoms of Chu, Jing, Wu, Guangling and Sishui, and the prefectures of Kuaiji, Danyang, Donghai, Linhuai, Langya and Pei chronologically. In the 5th year of the Yonghe Period (AD 140) in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-220), the part to the south of the Yangtze River belonged to Yangzhou and the part in the north belonged to Xuzhou. During the Three Kingdoms Period (AD 220-280), it belonged to the Wu State in the south and the Wei State in the north. In the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty (AD 265-317), once again the southern part of the province belonged to Yangzhou and the northern part belonged to Xuzhou. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 420-589), the province was generally divided apart by the Huaihe River into the southern part belonging to the Southern Dynasty and the northern part belonging to the Northern Dynasty.

The Sui Dynasty united the whole country, since then the province was divided into Suzhou, Changzhou, Jiangzhou (present-day Nanjing), Runzhou (present-day Zhenjiang), Yangzhou, Fangzhou (present-day Luhe), Chuzhou, Pizhou, Sizhou, Haizhou and Xuzhou before later being re-divided into Wu, Piling, Danyang, Jiangdu, Xiapi, Donghai and Pengcheng prefectures. The Tang Dynasty divided the whole country into 10 regions. Jiangsu belonged to Henan Region, Huainan Region and East Jiangnan Region. During the Five Dynasties Period (AD 907-960), Xuzhou to the north of the Huaihe River belonged to the Liang, Tang, Jin, Han and Zhou Dynasties in succession. Suzhou to the south of the Yangtze River belonged to the Qian’s family of the Kingdom of Wu-Yue, while other parts belonged to Yangwu regional regime and Southern Tang regional regime in sequence.

In the first year of the Zhenghe Period (AD 1111) in the Northern Song Dynasty, the province belonged to Jiangnan East Lu (Lu was a major administrative division during the Song Dynasty, primarily responsible for fiscal and supervisory functions initially), Liangzhe Lu, Huainan East Lu, Jingdong East Lu and Jingdong West Lu. After the Song imperial court moved south, the region north of the Huaihe River was successively occupied by the Jin Dynasty and the Mongols, while the regions south of the Huaihe River and the Yangtze River remained under the control of the Southern Song Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty adopted the system of province, and Jiangsu fell into the jurisdiction of Jianghuai Province, Jiangzhe Province and Henan Province in chronological order.

The Ming Dynasty, in its early years, established its capital in Yingtianfu, which was first called Nanjing and later Jingshi. Jingshi was then renamed as Nanzhili, roughly covering the areas of present-day Jiangsu Province, Anhui Province and Shanghai City, after Emperor Zhu Di had relocated the capital to Beijing. Early in the Qing Dynasty, Nanzhili was abolished, and the area originally administered by Nanzhili was renamed as Jiangnan Province. In the sixth year during the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, Jiangnan Province was split into Jiangsu Province and Anhui Province. At the very beginning, Jiangsu Province governed seven prefectures of Jiangning, Suzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou, Zhenjiang, Huai’an and Yangzhou, as well as Xuzhou County, with the provincial capital city in Suzhou. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, it had under its jurisdiction eight prefectures, three directly-administered counties and one directly-administered department. In 1927, the Nationalist Government established Nanjing as the capital and set Nanjing and Shanghai, which were both within the jurisdiction of Jiangsu, as special cities directly under the administration of the central government.

In June 1949, the whole province of Jiangsu was liberated. Subei (North Jiangsu), Sunan (South Jiangsu) and Nanjing were established as three provincial-level administrative regions. Later in January 1953, these three regions were integrated into Jiangsu Province whose capital city was set in Nanjing. The Province governed six cities of Nanjing, Wuxi, Xuzhou, Changzhou, Suzhou and Nantong as well as eight special regions of Songjiang, Suzhou, Zhenjiang, Yangzhou, Nantong, Huaiyin, Yancheng and Xuzhou. In 1983, Jiangsu adopted the city-governing-county system and set up 11 cities, namely, Nanjing, Wuxi, Xuzhou, Changzhou, Suzhou, Nantong, Lianyungang, Huaiyin (renamed as Huai’an in 2001), Yancheng, Yangzhou and Zhenjiang. In 1996, Taizhou and Suqian were upgraded to prefecture-level cities. At present, there are 13 prefecture-level cities in Jiangsu.